A Completely Safe, Non-Drug,
Natural Approach
to Healthy Lungs and Breathing
Flavay® has been successfully used for controlling hay
fever and allergies for many decades in Europe and is now available
in the United States as a dietary supplement. Research now shows
several ways that Flavay® may influence the immune response
to help normalize the balance of chemicals in the body that
control inflammation and allergies.
What are Allergies?
An allergic reaction is a process of inflammation caused by
a disorder of the immune system. The body comes in contact with
a substance (an allergen) that it perceives as harmful—even
though it is harmless. The body releases histamine in an attempt
to fight the allergen and it is the histamine that triggers
the symptoms common to allergies: inflammation, sneezing, runny
nose and itchy eyes.
Flavay® Naturally Inhibits
the Release
and Synthesis of Histamine
Research demonstrates that Flavay® inhibits the release
and synthesis of histamine (which produces accelerated blood
flow, dilates capillaries and increases their permeability,
thereby leaking plasma into surrounding tissue), a key factor
in the promotion of inflammation. Studies demonstrate that the
anti-histamine action of Flavay® is obtained through inhibiting
the activity of the enzyme histidine decarboxylase. Studies
show that Flavay® may lower the production of histamine
with as much as 86% inhibition of histidine decarboxylase.
This action is mediated through the free-radical scavenging
property of Flavay®.
Free Radicals: Both Foe
and Friend
When the body fights off an allergen, the immune system's cytokines
go to work, sending messages to the brain that cause more white
blood cells to mobilize. The more white blood cells your body
activates, the more free radicals they produce, like pellets
of poison, that go to work to destroy invaders by breaking down
the genetic material of bacteria, toxins, and viruses.
When functioning properly, the immune system is capable of
identifying foreign invaders such as viruses and bacteria and
our immune components do not turn against our own body's cells.
Unfortunately, however, free radicals can interfere with the
biological components of our healthy cells in the same way they
destroy invaders, literally dismantling the body's essential
cellular proteins, fatty cell membranes and DNA.
The most important natural defenses we have against free radical
damage are our body's natural "antioxidants," a broad
range of chemical substances that all have one thing in common:
they ward off free radical damage to cells. However, in allergic
reactions and asthma, the body's specialized antioxidant mechanisms
fail. The cause of the failure might be genetic, environmental,
or even dietary, but the consequences are the same: unchecked
free radical activity.
Nitric Oxide Toxicity, Chronic
Inflammation and Asthma
Contemporary research shows that elevated levels of the free
radical, nitric oxide (sometimes referred to as "NO"),
appear to contribute to a number of seemingly different disorders
that all have a common element of abnormal immune or inflammatory
responses.
Studies of asthma and other inflammatory disorders have all
demonstrated elevated levels of nitric oxide synthesis. Asthmatics
exhale significantly higher levels of nitric oxide and type
II nitric oxide synthase (also known as "NOS") expression
is increased in biopsy specimens from asthmatics.
Flavay® can significantly scavenge nitric oxide radicals.
However, as we'll discuss next, your body needs a certain amount
of nitric oxide in order to maintain good health. Nitric oxide
is paradoxical. It can both mediate normal physiological functions
and it can be highly toxic. Nitric oxide can act as an anti-inflammatory
under normal health conditions, but it can have the opposite
effect and cause more inflammation to an already inflamed area
when overproduced. The key, therefore, is to maintain the optimum
balance of this double-edged sword, nitric oxide.
Flavay® Scavenges the
Body's Terrorists: Rampaging Free Radicals
Free radicals are like pellets of poison that destroy invaders
by interfering with their cellular machinery, literally dissolving
or breaking down the genetic material of bacteria, toxins and
viruses.
When all is going well, the immune system is capable of identifying
foreign invaders such as viruses and bacteria by accurately
"reading" molecular codes found on cell surfaces.
These molecular codes are like flags of different armies, and
the immune system will not attack a cells if it "reads"
a flag belonging to the body's own host army. Unfortunately,
however, free radicals can interfere with the biological components
of our healthy cells, just as they destroy invaders. This leads
to many diseases.
When the immune system's cytokines activate macrophages (the
white blood cells capable of gobbling up invading viruses and
bacteria), the macrophages produce large amounts of nitric oxide
in the course of battle. Nitric oxide is a colorless gas produced
by many different cells in the body that, depending on the situation,
can be very good or very bad. Nitric oxide
plays several important roles in the body:
Nitric oxide is an important signaling molecule that turns
genes on and off.
By controlling the muscular tone of blood vessels, nitric
oxide regulates the circulation and normalizes blood flow.
Nitric oxide modulates communication between brain cells
and is instrumental in helping us concentrate and learn
new information, and also in maintaining memory.
When produced by immune cells, nitric oxide fights infection,
kills tumor cells and promotes wound healing.
Nitric oxide is essential for perceiving pleasure and
pain, and it helps translate sexual excitement into penile
erections.
Nitric oxide aids in digestion of food by helping to control
gastric movements.
But nitric oxide can be very destructive under other circumstances:
Nitric oxide restricts blood flow.
When produced in excess by immune cells, nitric oxide
can trigger chronic inflammation, which can cause asthma,
arthritis, colitis, inflammatory bowel disease and possibly
cancer.
Nitric oxide promotes production of more free radicals.
In the brain, nitric oxide can hamper mental function
and cause memory loss and brain aging.
The real trouble starts when nitric oxide encounters the superoxide
free radical and becomes peroxynitrate, which destroys antioxidants
like glutathione, vitamin E and common flavonoids, and damages
proteins in the body. The good news is that Flavay® scavenges
peroxynitrate and has a remarkable modulatory effect on nitric
oxide—helping to maintain optimal levels in the body and
neutralizing this free radical where it does harm.
Superior Antioxidant Support
Flavay® is superior to other antioxidants because its
protective effects are multiplied in the body. While it provides
its own, powerful antioxidant protection, it also supports the
dynamic interplay between other antioxidants in the body. Flavay's
ability to “recycle,” or regenerate vitamins C and
E after they have quenched free radicals vastly extends their
unique antioxidant powers, helping to maintain an optimal, synergistic
antioxidant balance in the body.
Flavay® is rapidly absorbed and very quickly distributed
throughout the body. As a free radical fighter, Flavay®
comes to the aid of the body more quickly than other antioxidants,
reducing the potential for free radical damage and the ravages
of aging. Flavay® also possesses more reactive sites for
neutralizing free radicals than other known antioxidants. Furthermore,
Flavay® permits reactivity with both positively and negatively
charged free radical species. What this means is that Flavay®
can “quench” or “scavenge” (neutralize)
a broad variety of free radicals. Highly reactive as an antioxidant
in both lipid (fat) and aqueous (water) phases, Flavay®
neutralizes oxygen free radicals and is a valuable protector
of healthy cells in a variety of internal conditions. This is
a unique property among antioxidants, as most work either in
lipid or aqueous phases, but not both. As a free radical scavenger,
Flavay® is like an antioxidant prize fighter that can
successfully take on all challengers, big or small, in any kind
of weather.
"Radical Scavenger Effect"
of Flavay®
Protected by U.S. Patent No. 4,698,360
Flavay® is a strong antioxidant that is patented as a
scavenger of the free radicals that play a major role
in the initiation, duration and breakdown of inflammation.
"[A] method for preventing and fighting
the harmful biological effects of free radicals
in the organism of warm blooded animals and more especially
human beings, namely cerebral involution, hypoxia following
atherosclerosis, cardiac or cerebral infarction, tumour
promotion, inflammation, ischaemia, alterations
of the synovial liquid, collagen degradation, among
others. The method consists in administering to said
animals and especially to human beings an amount, efficient
against said effects, of a plant extract with a proanthocyanidins
content which has a radical scavenger effect"—Dr.
Jack Masquelier, U.S. Patent No. 4,698,360.
Flavay® is the actual product—used in the experiments—by
which Dr. Jack Masquelier established and patented the "radical
scavenger effect."
Statements made herein have not been
evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended
to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
Masquelier, J. Plant extract
with a proanthocyanidins content as a therapeutic agent having
radical scavenging effect and use thereof. U.S. Patent No. 4,698,360,
1987.
Masquelier, J. A lifetime devoted to OPC and Pycnogenols. Alfa
Omega Editrice, Pub., 1996.
Schwitters, B., Masquelier, J. OPC in practice. Alfa Omega Editrice,
Publishers, 1995.
Lombard, J., Germano, C. The brain wellness plan: breakthrough
medical, nutritional and immune-boosting therapies to prevent
and treat: depression, Alzheimer's disease, chronic fatigue syndrome,
attention deficit disorder, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease,
Lou Gehrig's disease. Kensington Pub. Corp., 1998.
Kilham, C., Masquelier, J. OPC: The miracle antioxidant. Keats
Publishing, Inc., 1997.
Packer, L., et al. The antioxidant miracle: your complete plan.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1999.
Packer, L., et al. Antioxidant food supplements in human health.
Academic Press, 1999.
Lincoln, J., Hoyle, C.H.V., Burnstock, G., Nitric oxide in health
and disease. Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Moncada, S., Nistico, G., Bagetta, G., Higgs, E.A. Nitric oxide
and the cell. Princeton University Press, 1998.
Facino, R.M., et al. Free radical scavenging action and anti-enzyme
activities of procyanidines from vitis vinifera. A mechanism for
their capillary protective action. Arzneimittelforschung, 44:
592-601, 1994.
Passwater, R.A. The antioxidants: the nutrients that guard your
body. Keats Publishing, Inc., 1985.
Barilla, J. et al. The nutrition superbook: volume 1: the antioxidants.
Keats Publishing, Inc., 1995.
Facino RM, et al. Free radical scavenging action and anti-enzyme
activities of procyanidines from Vitis vinifera. A mechanism for
their capillary protective action. Arzneimittelforschung, 44:
592-601, 1994.
Kuttan R, et al. Collagen treated with catechin becomes resistant
to the action of mammalian collagenase. Experientia, 37: 221-223,
1981.
Masquelier, J., et al. Stabilization du collagene par les oligomeres
procyanidoliques. Acta Therapeutica, 7:101-105, 1981.
Masquelier, J. Aspects pharmacologiques nouveaux de certains flavonoides.
A Vie Medical 12:1969.
Laparra, J., et al. Etude pharmaco-cinetique des oligomers procyandoliques
totaux du raisin. Acta Therapeutica, 4, 1978.
Laparra, J., et al. Etude pharmacocinetique des oligomeres flavonoliques.
Plantes med et phyto, Tome XI, pp. 133-142, 1977.
Robert A.M.; Groult, N.; Six, C.; Robert, L. Etude de l’action
des oligomeres procyanidoliques sur des cellules mesenchymateuses
en culture. Ii l’attachment des fibres elastiques aux cellules.
(Study of the effect of procyanidolic oligomers on mesenchymal
cells in culture. Ii attachment of elastic fibers to the cells.)
Pat Biol, (30)6:601-7, 1990.
Porter, Lawrence J., Wong Rosalind Y. Chan, Bock G. The molecular
and crystal structure of (+)-2,3-trans-3,4-trans-leucocyanidin
[(2r,3s,+r)-(+)-3,3’, 4.4’, 5.7’-Hexahydroxyflavan]
dihydrate, and comparison of its heterocyclic ring conformation
in solution and the solid state. Journal of the Chemical Society;
Perkin Transactions I 1985. pp. 1413-17.
Masquelier, J. Proanthocyanidins et radicaux libres. 1985.
Uchida, S., et al. Condensed tannins scavenge active oxygen free
radicals. Med Sci Res, (15) 1987. pp. 831-832.
Ariga, T. Radical scavenging action and its mode in procyanidins
b-1 and b-3 from azuki beans to peroxyl radicals. Agric Biol Chem,
54(10) 1990. pp. 2499-2504.
Da Silva, R., et. al. Radical scavenger capacity of different
procyanidins from grape seeds. Presented at a symposium, “Free
radicals in biotechnology and medicine.” Royal Society Of
Chemistry, London January 1990, pp. 79-80.
Bauman, J., Wurm, G., Bruchhausen, F. “Hemmung der prostagladinsynthetase
durch flavonoide und phenolderivate im vergleich nit deren 02
radikalfangereigenschaften” Arch Pharm, (Weinheim) 313 (1980)
pp. 330-337.
Lombard, J., et al. The brain wellness plan. Kensington Pub. Corp.,
1998.
Flesch M., et al., Effects of red and white wine on endothelium-dependent
vasorelaxation of rat aorta and human coronary arteries. Am J
Physiol 1998;275:1183-94.
Fitzpatrick, D.F., Fleming R.C., Bing B, Maggi DA, O'Malley RM.
Isolation and characterization of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxing
compounds from grape seeds. J Agr & Food Chem In press.
Fitzpatrick, D.F., Maggi D, Bing B, Coffey RG. Vasorelaxation,
endothelium, and wine. BioFactors 1997;6:455-459.
Fitzpatrick, D.F., Hirschfield SL, Ricci T, Jantzen P, Coffey
RG. Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation caused by various plant
extracts. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1995;26:90-95.
Fitzpatrick, D.F., Hirschfield SL, Coffey RG. Endothelium-dependent
vasorelaxing activity of wine and other grape products. Amer J
Physiol 1993;265:H774-H778.
Kuttan, R., Donnelly, P.V., Di Ferrante, N. Collagen treated with
catechin becomes resistant to the action of mammalian collagenase.
Experientia, 37: 221-223, 1981.
Masquelier, J. Procyanidolic oligomers. J Parums Cosm Arom, 95:
89-97, 1990.
Tixier, J.M., et al. Evidence by in vivo and in vitro studies
that binding of pycnogenols to elastin affects its rate of degradation
by elastases. Biochem Pharmacol, 33: 3933-3939, 1984.
Kakegawa, H., et al. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 33:5079, 1985.
Harmand, M.F., Blanquet, P. The fate of total flavanolic oligomers
extracted from ‘vitus vinifera l.’ in the rat. European
Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaccokinetics. 1978, No. 1
pp. 15-30.
Delrieu, P., Ding J., Escande, B., Samain, D. Free-radical scavenging
activity of proanthocyanidolic oligomers encapsulated in glycospheres:
an in vivo and in vitro study. Cosmetology Department & S
Biovectors, Ramonville St. Agne France. pp. 1-9.
Meunier, M.T., Villie, F., et al. Inhibition of angiotensin i
converting enzyme by flavanolic compounds: in vitro and in vivo
studies. Planta Medica, May 26, 1986. pp. 12-15.
Barbier, A., et al. Activite angioprotectrice des oligomeres procyanidolques
chez l’animal-oedenme de la patte. Sanofi Res Toul Cedex
Fr, pp31-40.
Barbier, A., et al. Activite angioprotectrice des oligomeres procyanidolques
chez l’animal-activite aniagoniste vis-a-vis des mediateurs
de l’inflamation. Sanofi Res Toul Cedex Fr, pp. 31-40.
Dubos, C., Durst, G., Hugonot, H. Evolution de la resistance capillaire,
spontanement ou artificiellement diminuee par l’action d’une
substance capillaro-toxique chez des personnes agees--action benefique
d’un agnet actif sur la micro-circulation: l’Endotelon.
Inform. Therapeut. 1980. pp. 302-305.
Dartenuc, J.Y., et al. Resistance capillaire en geriatrie etude
d’un microangioprotecteur-Endotelon. Bordeaux Med. 13:903-7,
1990.
Lagrue, G., Olivier-Martin, F., Grillot, A. “Etude des effets
des oligomeres du procyanidol sur las resistance capillaire dand
l’hypertension arterielle et certaines nephropathies.”
Sen. Hosp. Paris 18-25 Septembre, 1981.
Beylot, C., Bioulac, P. Essai therapeutique d’un angioprotecteur
peripherique, l’Endotelon. Actualite Therapeutique Gaz. Med.
de France (87)22:2919-24, 1980.
Lesbre, F.X., Tigaud, J.D. Effect de l’Endotelon sur l’indice
de fragilite capillaire dan une population specifique: les sujets
cirrhotiques. Gaz. Med. de France, (90)24 1983.
Sarrat, L. Abord therapeutique des troubles fonctionnels des membres
inferieurs par un microangioprotecteur l’Endotelon. Bordeaux
Med, 11:685-8, 1981.
Delacroix, P. Etude en double aveugle de l’Endotelon dans
l’insuffisance veineuse chronique. Therapeutique, la Revue
de Medicine, (27-28) Sept. 1981. pp. 1793-1802.
Thebaut, J.F, Thebaut, P., Vin, F. Etude de l’Endotelon dand
les manifestations fonctionnelles de l’insuffisance veineuse
peripherique-resultats d’une etude en double aveugle portant
sur 92 patients.” Gazette Medicale, (92)1, 1985. pp. 96-100.
Chang, W.C., Hsu, F.L. Inhibition of platelet aggregation and
arachidonate metabolism in platelets by procyanidins. Prostagland
Leukotri Essent Fatty Acids, 38:181-8, 1989.
Masquelier, J. Pycnogenols: recent advances in the therapeutical
activity of procyanidins. Supplement of Planta Medica, Journal
of Medicinal Plant Research and Journal of Natural Products, July
1980 pp. 243-256.
Henning, B., et al. Lipid peroxidation and endothelial cell injury:
implications in atherosclerosis. Free Rad Path & Med, (4)1988
pp. 99-106.
Masquelier, J. “Les procyanidols du vin leur role dans l’alcoolisme.”
pp. 88-93.
Gazave, J.M. “Notions recentes sur les capillaires”
unpub. bulletin from the Laboratoire De Physiologie Patholigie
pp. 26-29.
Ruf, J.C. Wine and polyphenols related to platelet aggregation
and atherothrombosis. Office International Vigne et du Vin, Nutrition
and Health Unit, Paris France; Drugs under Experimental and Clinical
Research (Switz.) 25/2-3 (125-131), 1999.
Blaszo, G. Gabor, M. Oedema-inhibiting effect of procyanidin.
Acta Physiologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Tomus 56(2):235-240,
1980.
Tayau, M.F, LeFevre, G. Action du leucocyanidol sur l’hyalaluronidase.
Bull Soc Pharm Bordeaux, 95:132-136, 1956.
Lamy, M. Utilization des oligomeres procyanidoliques en gynecologie.
Essai Therapeutique Tomel (14) Sept. 2, 1981. pp. 1021-22.
Henriet, J.P “Une Etude Exemplaire Pour Un Phlebotrope: l’etude
EIVE.’ Unpub., pp. 77-83.
Pfister, A., Simon, M.T., Gazave, J.M. Sites de fixation des oligomeres
procyanidoliques dans la paroi des capillaires sanguins du poumon
decobaye. Acta Therapeutica (8) 1982. pp. 223-237.
Kuttan, R., Donnelly, P., Di Ferrante, N. “Collagen treated
with (+) -catechin becomes resistant to the action of mammalian
collagenase.” Laboratory of Connective Tissue Research, Dept.
of Biochem. Baylor Col. of Med., Houston TX. 28, May, 1980.
Gendre, P., Laparra, J., Barraud, E. “Effect protecteur des
oligomeres procyanidoliques sur le lathyrisme experimental chez
le rat.” Ann. Pharm. Francaises, (43)1, 1985 pp. 61-73.
Corbe, C., Boissin, J.P., Siou, A. Light vision and chorioretinal
circulation. Study of the effect of procyanidolic oligomer (Endotelon).
Jn. Fr. Opthalmol, (11)5:453-460, 1988.
Boissin, J.P., Corbe C., Siou, A. Chorioretinal circulation and
dazzling: use of procyanidol oligomers (Endotelon). Bull Soc Ophtalmol
Fr, 88(2):173-4, 177-9, 1988.
Proto, F. et al. Electrophysical study of vitis vinifera procyanoside
oligomers effects on retinal function in myopic subjects. Ann
Ott Clin Ocul, 114:85-93, 1988.
Saracco, J.B., Estachy, G.M. Etude d l’Endotelon en opthalmologie.
Gaz Med de France, 88:2035-2038, 1981.
Scharrer, A., Ober, M. Anthocyanosides in the treatment of retinopathies.
Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd, 178:386-389, 1981.
Corbe, C., et al. Microangiopathy of the retina. J. Fr. Opthalmol,
11:453, 1988.
Verin, M.M., Vildy, A., Maurin, J.F., Retinopathies et O.P.C.
Bordeaux Medicale, (16)11. pp. 1467-74, 1978.
Soyeux, A. et al. Endotelon. Diabetic retinopathy and hemorheology.
Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr. 87(12):1441-4, 1987.
Fromantin, M. “Les oligomeres procyanidoliques dans le traitement
de la fragilite capillaire et de la retinopathie chez les diabetiques.
A propos de 26 cas.” Med Int, 16(11):432-434, Nov. 1981.
Arne, J.L. Contribution a l’etude des oligomeres procyanidoliques:
Endotelon, dans la retinopathie diabetique (a propos de 30 observations).
Gaz. Med. de France, Vol. 89, No. 30, Oct. 8, 1982.
Baruch, J. Effect of Endotelon in postoperative edema. Results
of a double-blind study versus placebo in 32 female patients.
Ann Chir Plast Esthet 29(4):393-5, 1984.
Rao, C.N. et al. Influence of bioflavonoids on the collagen metabolism
in rats with adjuvantinduced arthritis. Ital J Biochem. 30:54-62,
1981.
Gabor, M. Pharmacologic effects of flavonoids on blood vessels.
Angiologica, 9:355-374, 1972.
Havsteen, B. Flavonoids, a class of natural products of high pharmacological
potency. Biochem Pharmacol, 32:1141-48, 1983.
Reimann, H.J., Lorenz, W., Fischer, M., Frölich, R., Meyer,
H.J. Berkhauser Verlag, Vol. 7/1, Univ. of Marburg/Lahn, Ger.,
1977.
Masquelier, J. Action protectrice du vin sur l’ulcere gastrique.
Resultats, p. 61.
Amella, M., et al. Inhibition of mast cell histamine release by
flavonoids and bioflavonoids. Planta Medica, 5116-20, 1985.
Shaw, R. How [Australian] PycnoGenol [MASQUELIER’s®]
Helps Sports People.
Masquelier, J. Procyanidolic oligomers (leucocyanidins). Parfums
Cosmet Arom 95:89-97, 1990.
Pecking, A., Desprez-Curely, J.P., Megret, G. Oligomers procyanidoliques
(Endotelon) dans le traitement des lymphoedemes post-therepeutiques
de members superieurs. Symposium Satellite, Congres International
d’Angiologie, Toulouse, France, 4-7 Oct. 1989.
Fahey, T.D., Pearl M. Hormonal effects of phosphatidylserine during
2 weeks of intense training. Abstract submitted to national meeting
of the Amer College of Sports Medicine, June 1998.
Monteleone, P., Maj, M., Beinat, L., Natale, M., Kemali, D. Blunting
by chronic phosphatidylserine administration of the stress-induced
activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in healthy
men. Eur J Clin Pharm 43: 385–388, 1992.
Fahey, T.D., et al. The hormonal and perceptive effects of phosphatidylserine
administration during two weeks of resistive exercise-induced
overtraining. Bio of Sport 15(3):135-44, 1998.
Laparra, J., Michaud, J. Masquelier, J. Action des oligomeres
procyanidoliques sur le cobaye carence en vitamin c. Tavaux Originaux,
University of Bordeaux, 1976.
Masquelier, J. Action comparee de divers facteurs vitaminiques
p sur l’oxydation de l’acide ascorbique par les ions
cuivriques. Bull. de la Societe de Chimie Biologique XXXIII (3-4)
1951. pp. 302-304.
Masquelier, J. Action comparee de divers facteurs vitaminiques
p sur l’acide ascorbique-oxydase. Bull. de la Societe de
Chimie Biologique XXXIII (3,4) 1951. pp.304-306
Kakegawa, H., Matsumoto, H., Endo, K., Satoh, T., Nonaka, G.,
Mishioka, I. “Inhibitory effects of tannins on hyaluronidase
activation and on the degranulation from rat mesentery mast cells.”
Chem. Pharm. Bull. 33(11)1985. 5079-5082.
Reiman, H.J., Lorenz, M., Fischer, R., Frolich, H., Meyer, J.
“Histamine and acute haemorrhagic lesions in rat gastric
mucosa: prevention of stress ulcer formulation by (+)-catechin,
an inhibitor of specific histidine decarboxylase in vitro.”
Dirkhauser Verlag,Vol. 7/1, 1977.
Pariente, J.J. Parientl-Amsellem, J. “Les oedemes post-traumatoqies
chez le sportif: essai controle de l’Endothelon.” Actualite
Therapeutique 90(3) 2/11 1983 pp. 231-235.
Masquelier, J., et al. “Flavonoids et Pycnogenols” Int
J Vit Nut Res, (49)3:307-311, 1979.
Yu, C. L. et al. Mutagenicity of proanthocyanidins. Food Chem.
Toxicol. 25(2):135-9, 1987.
Pantaleoni, G.C., Quaglino, D. Univerisity of Aquila Pharmacol-Toxicologica
Report, 1971.
Laparra, J., et al., Acta Therapeutica, 4:233, 1978.
Volkner, Wolfgang Muller, Ewald, Micronucleus assay in bone marrow
cells of the mouse with Pycnogenol. Cytotest Cell Research GmbH
& Co., projects 143010 & 143021; Feb. 1989.
Acute and chronic toxicity tests. International Bio-Research,
Inc., Hanover, Germany, 1967-1971.
Dumon, M., Michaud, J., Masquelier, J. Proanthocyanidin content
in vegetable extracts to be used in the preparation of medicines.
Bull. Soc. Pharm. Bordeaux, 129:51-65, 1990.
